1. Improvements in marine technology in the 1300's and 1400's included all
    of the following except the

    a. caravel        b. astrolabe         c. portolano     d. compass         e. rudder

2. All of the following were results of the Age of Exploration except

    a. an increase in the shipbuilding industry
    b. higher prices for luxury goods
    c. corn and potatoes became staples of the European diet
    d. the availability of more varied clothing materials.
    e. an end to the Italian and Muslim monopoly on trade with the East

3. Which of these did not explore mainland North America?

    a. Balboa and Cabot                         d. Verrazano and Cartier
    b. Hudson and de Leon                     e. Coronado and Cortes
    c. Columbus and Vespucci

4. The treatment of the Native Americans by the Spanish conquistadores was

    a. at times brutal and exploitive.     d. scornful of intermarriage
    b. firm but fair.                             e. admiring and benevolent
    c. unmotivated by greed.

5. The purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas was

    a. to divide the non-European world between Spain and Portugal.
    b. to specify which parts of North America should be French and which
        parts Spanish.
    c. to create an alliance of France, Holland, and England against
       Spanish designs in the New World.
    d. to divide the New World between France and Spain.
    e. to exclude any Portuguese colonization from the Western hemisphere.

6. All of the following factors in 15th. and 16th. century Europe
    contributed to the exploration and colonization of the New World except

    a. an increase in Europe's population
    b. an increase in the wealth of the major European powers
    c. major technical advances in navigational equipment
    d. the overthrow of the traditional hierarchical social structure
    e. an increase in the power of Europe's absolute monarchs

7. In general, most Europeans considered the Indians to be

    a. descendants of one of the lost tribes of Israel
    b. survivors of the ancient civilization of Atlantis
    c. heathens who were inferior beings
    d. equal to the Europeans
    e. innocent "children" who should not be contaminated by European
       civilization

8. The crop that became the staple of life in Mexico and South America was

    a. wheat     b. potatoes         c. tobacco     d. corn     e. barley

9. Prior to the European colonization of the Americas, the greatest
    civilization on the continents had developed

    a. among the Plains Indians of North America
    b. among the Navaho and Pueblo Indians of southwestern North America
    c. among the Cherokees of eastern North America
    d. in the pampas of South America
    e. among the inhabitants of Mesoamerica and northwestern South America

10. Most of the decimation of the Indian population in the Americas during
     the 16th. century resulted from

    a. tribal warfare                             d. enslavement by the Europeans
    b. famine                                       e. war with the Europeans
    c. European diseases

11. In the 16th. century which nation dominated the exploration and
     colonization of the Americas?

    a. France     b. England     c. Spain     d. Portugal     e. Italy

12. The first exploration of new water routes to the East was undertaken by

    a. English adventurers                 d. Spanish traders
    b. Portuguese navigators             e. Dutch financiers
    c. Italian merchants

13. The Spanish Empire in the New World

    a. was short-lived
    b. embraced only South America
    c. made little cultural progress
    d. caused an inflationary price rise in Europe
    e. resulted in a two hundred year period of Spanish domination in Europe

14. Which of the following were the first to cultivate food crops in the
     Americas?

    a. European colonists in South America
    b. Indians along the Atlantic seaboard of North America
    c. Jesuit missionaries in southern California
    d. Norsemen in Vinland
    e. Indians living in central Mexico

15. Which of the following was a consequence of the spread of agricultural
      techniques among Indian groups?

    a. Cultural differences among groups of Indians disappeared.
    b. Most groups began to live a more sedentary existence.
    c. The various groups began to engage in almost constant warfare.
    d. Political power within the various groups fell into the hands of a
        land-owning elite.
    e. Most Indian tribes converted to Christianity.

16. Native American civilization was least highly developed in

    a. North America     b. Mexico     c. Central America     d. Peru     e. South America