1. Trinity
site where the world’s first device was exploded.
2. tons of TNT was exploded on May 7, 1945, to
scale and calibrate the power of an untested nuclear weapon.
3. Later in 1937, German scientists discovered
fission of the nucleus.
4. Fear of the research
led to Albert Einstein to write his letter to Roosevelt stressing the urgency
of work on the fission of uranium in the fall of 1939.
5. Los Alamos was the secret lab of J.R. Oppenheimer.
6. The uranium gun weapon was the Bomb.
Scientists were confident it would work without testing.
7. The implosion bomb, or Fat Man, was
designed using plutonium instead of uranium.
In the center of the bomb was an initiator surrounded by a sphere of
plutonium, then in cased within a set of highly explosive lenses creating an of the plutonium into itself.
8. When tested, it heated to 10 million
degrees and vaporized all desert life for a
mile. This test was Trinity, July 16, 1945 at 5:29
A.M. It was kilotons.
9. Trinity fused desert sand into a green
glass that still contains radioactivity, years
later.
10. Tinian Island in the South Pacific, 1,500 miles from Japan and was the base of operations for the 509th squadron mission to deliver the first atomic bombs for Hiroshima & __________________.
11. The Little Boy bomb exploded on August 6, 1945 at 8:15 A.M. (______kilotons).
12. Nagasaki was bombed, Fat Man, on August 9, 1945 at 11:02 A.M. (_______ kilotons).
13. Little Boy was detonated at an altitude of
1,800 feet to achieve maximum blast effect.
In Hiroshima, were killed or missing and in Nagasaki, people were killed and 40,000 more were
injured.
14. Eleven months after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Operation ____________________ was conducted at Bikini Atoll, 2,500 miles west of Hawaii.
15. The target armada consisted of 185 Japanese, _____________, and American ships of many sizes.
Vice Admiral W.H.P. Blandy, Commander of Joint Task Force One at Operation Crossroads:
“The bomb will not start a chain reaction in the water, converting it all to gas and letting all the ships on all the oceans drop down to the bottom. It will not blow out the bottom of the sea and let all the water run down the hole. It will not destroy gravity. I am not an ‘atomic playboy.’ as one of my critics labeled me exploding these bombs to satisfy my personal whim.”
16. Animals, plant life, and even biological warfare agents were assembled to study the effects of heat, _______________________ and radiation.
17. The blast sent five ships to the bottom of Bikini lagoon. All ships within ˝ a mile of the blast were heavily damaged. But damage was no where near that created by the following _______________________________blast, known as shot Baker.
18. The area surrounding shot Baker had become seriously radioactive and could not be safely approached for some _________________.
19. This effect was not anticipated, and
ultimately led to a decision by President Truman to call off a third, deep
underwater test, code-named _________________________.
20. August 29, 1949 came the announcement that
the ___________ had the atomic bomb.
21. Klaus Fukes passed on the blueprints to the USSR.
22. Easy was exploded on April 20, 1951 ( kilotons) was a structural effects test.
23. Tritium was used to boost bombs from kilotons to 45 1/2 kilotons.
24. Item was exploded on May 24, 1951 (45 1/2 kilotons) was the first test of the boosting principle.
25. George was the first experiment.
26. Three islands were linked by causeways and at
zero island, the Mike device was exploded.
It was a wet bomb using hydrogen, weighing 62 tons.
It was impractical to use as a deliverable weapon.
27. Ivy Mike was the first full-scale hydrogen
bomb of 10 .
28. In spring of 1954, Castle Bravo was
tested. It was a hydrogen bomb using
solid thermonuclear fuel, and it was the first deliverable h-bombs.
29. Castle Bravo released radioactive debris and pushed the dangers of ______________________ into the public mind.
30. A capsule was devised to test the levels in the human body.
31. In the fall of 1957, there were nuclear tests as part of Operation Plumbob.
32. During Plumbob, the Hood event would become
the largest test ever conducted in the atmosphere in the continental
______________________________.
33. The Rainier event was an underground test of
a kiloton bomb.
34. Operation at the Pacific proving ground had 35 nuclear tests.
35. Tests increased international tension that
could lead to an all-out nuclear .
36. The Cactus event crater was where all
radioactive material was dumped and then a cover was placed over the material in 1980.
37. Tique and Orange were upper atmosphere tests
that were conducted.
38. Tique (3.8 megaton), detonated nearly 50
miles above the surface of the earth, created a violent magnetic disturbance in
the atmosphere, called EMP or electromagnetic pulse, which silenced radio
transmissions for nearly hours and damaged electric circuits from
Hawaii to New Zealand.
39. Russia announced it would suspend nuclear
tests, until . . . in the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya, on October 30, 1961,
the Bomb
was exploded, megatons.
40. Secretly, the Soviets continued to build new
bombs that were scaled down versions of a 100 megaton design and were deliverable.
41. It broke the voluntary moratorium on testing
and raised atmospheric to new heights. The US launched back with new tests of its own.
42. Kennedy signed a test ban and was the last US atmospheric test.
43. In 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty,
prohibited any testing.
44. Between 1945 - 1962, the US conducted atmospheric nuclear tests.
45. countries
endorsed the limited test ban treaty to end the threat of radioactive pollution
from atmospheric nuclear testing.
46. One year later, tested their first
bomb.